سيرة
Joyce was born on 2 February 1882 at 41 Brighton Square, Rathgar, Dublin. His father made poor investments, leading to a gradual decline in the family's wealth. Joyce graduated from University College Dublin (UCD) in 1902. He briefly pursued medical studies in Paris but returned to Dublin due to his mother's terminal cancer. In 1904, Joyce began writing "Stephen Hero," which he later revised into "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man." That same year, he met Nora Barnacle, a chambermaid, and on 16 June 1904, they walked together at Ringsend by the mouth of the Liffey—a date Joyce later chose for the events in *Ulysses*.
After briefly sharing a Martello tower in Sandycove, County Dublin, with Oliver St. John Gogarty, Joyce and Nora left Dublin in October 1904. He found employment at a language school in Trieste. In 1909, Joyce made two trips back to Dublin: one to arrange the publication of *Dubliners* and another to open a short-lived cinema. His final visit was in 1912, when he was unable to persuade his publisher to accept *Dubliners*. The book was eventually published in England in 1914, and *A Portrait* appeared serially in a London magazine. With the onset of World War I, Joyce relocated to Zurich, Switzerland, where in 1917 he had the first of several glaucoma operations. His masterpiece, *Ulysses*, was serialized in New York from 1918 to 1920 but was ultimately stopped by legal action.
Joyce returned to Trieste in 1919 before moving to Paris, where *Ulysses* was published in 1922 by Sylvia Beach, the owner of a renowned bookstore. The novel’s depiction of Dublin and the Jewish advertisement canvasser Leopold Bloom revolutionized literature through its use of the 'stream of consciousness' style; it was not published in Britain until 1936. In 1923, Joyce began the complex *Finnegans Wake*, which was released in 1939. Joyce and Nora married in 1931. The couple moved back to Zurich in 1940, where Joyce died on 13 January 1941 at the age of 58.
